Review ArticleInterventions for adherence with oral chemotherapy in hematological malignancies: A systematic review
Introduction
An estimated incidence of 140,310 new cases of hematological malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma were diagnosed in the United States in 2011.1 Moreover, approximately 1,012,533 Americans are living with leukemia, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and myeloma.2 According to the American Cancer Society, for 2012, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia are among the 10 leading causes of cancer death in both men and women.3
Treatment decisions for these conditions include a choice between oral and intravenous administration and rely upon several factors such as the oncologist's decision, patient preference, and/or insurance eligibility, a paradigm shift in oncology considers some cancers as chronic diseases requiring chronic therapy; this has resulted in greater use of oral agents.4, 5, 6, 7 It is estimated that more than 100 of the 400 anti-cancer drugs now in the development pipeline are planned as oral agents7; the nature of these cancers is such that chemotherapy is a primary treatment option and there are no surgical options as with solid tumor cancers, making adherence even more important, This emerging trend of targeted therapy administered orally is considered to have less myelosuppressive toxicity than classic chemotherapy. As a consequence, the perceived advantage and convenience of oral chemotherapy encourages oncologists to use this option as a monotherapy or in combination with other classic chemotherapy regimens for treatment, or for maintenance therapy after organ transplantation or cancer remission. It is unclear whether patients maintain the desired adherence level with oral agents when taking them on their own at home.7, 8, 9, 10, 11
The World Health Organization has defined adherence with long-term therapy as “the extent to which a person's behavior -taking medication, following a diet, and or executing lifestyle changes, corresponds with agreed recommendations” and suggests that the health outcomes and economics may be more influenced by enhancing adherence than advancing medical therapies.12, 13 Unfortunately, adherence to chronic medication therapy in ambulatory care is typically not as high as in the clinical setting.6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14 This is because an oral mode requires patients and caregivers to be more responsible for self-management, including adherence to complicated dosage administration and monitoring of side effects instead of the handling of intravenous regimens by a health care provider in the hospital. It is suggested that an oral formulation might be successful in well-motivated and high literacy patients.6, 7, 15, 16, 17
Nonadherence or poor adherence with oral therapies results in unsatisfactory consequences. It is an important factor that compromises treatment outcomes that are typically monitored in patients with hematological malignancies, including clinical outcomes like cytogenetic response, pharmacologic response, and pharmacokinetic response, adverse physical effects, and survival time. Nonadherence is also associated with lower rates of disease-free survival and can result in biased assessment of the efficacy of treatment because practitioners might not be able to determine whether the patient actually relapsed or if refractory disease resulted from chemotherapy resistance or from nonadherence. In 2010, Marin and colleagues revealed that adherence was the only independent predictor for achieving complete and major molecular response in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia with stable cytogenetic response. Additionally, poor adherence appears to be the only independent predictor for inability to achieve sustained molecular response.18 In particular, the degree of achieved complete molecular response is associated with improved duration of complete cytogenetic response which eventually leads to favorable prognosis and prolonged survival. Furthermore, nonadherence can prolong the duration and complexity of treatment regimens, can result in the development of drug resistance or toxicities, and can be costly from an economic sense.6, 7, 13, 19 Typically, rates of adherence to and persistence with oral antineoplastic drugs are estimated to range from 16% to 100%.6 Interestingly, research has shown that full 100% adherence is rare in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and more than one-third of patients are nonadherent.20 However, little is known about the effect of nonadherence with oral antineoplastic agents in hematological malignancies; most studies of adherence in this field have been conducted with oral anti-cancer regimens for solid tumors.6, 7, 8, 21, 22 Additionally, there has been no gold standard measure of adherence, self-report or otherwise.
Section snippets
Aim of the review
The aim of this review is to summarize the existing research literature and to identify evidence and gaps regarding interventions for adherence with oral chemotherapy in patients with hematological malignancies. The review also proposes implications for practice and research for further implementation.
Methods
The methods and structure used within this review were derived from a modified Cochrane method of systematic review. The general Cochrane method is intended to answer a very narrowly defined and specific intervention research question with inclusion criteria for type of study design, type of intervention, type of target outcome(s), and within a specifically defined target population.23 This review used the rigor of the Cochrane methods of search and review applied to an intention for describing
Results
The detailed PRISMA flow diagram results of the literature search are illustrated in Fig. 1. After removing duplicates, early screen tiers review of titles and abstracts excluded 71 articles based on title and 33 articles based on abstract due to non-relevance primarily due to other cancer type, non-adult patient population, short duration of study, inclusion of adherence with additional medications for other conditions. Of the initial 32 studies examined at the full-text screen tier, 23
Implications for practice
Four of the interventions reported statistically significant improvements in adherence outcomes compared to the control groups25, 27, 28, 30; two of these demonstrated significantly positive outcomes for both adherence and clinical outcomes.25, 30 Overall, the evidence in the literature did not reveal one best-practice intervention design to improve adherence in oral chemotherapy. The intervention designs, methods, and measures were heterogeneous, making a direct comparison challenging, but a
Conclusions
An increasing use of oral chemotherapy raises awareness of the potential for non-adherence among cancer patients who take these medications on their own outside of a clinical setting. However, through a systematic search and analysis of existing literature, it is clear that there are a very limited number of well-conducted studies examining interventions to improve adherence in oral antineoplastic agents for hematological malignancies. Since oral chemotherapy is a first-line treatment in
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